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The following was sent to the mailing list of
a Messianic believer. It is very interseting because here, from someone
who understands the language of the Old Testament we see that the Word
is clearly called YHWH (Jehovah).
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This should help to clarify some
confusion in the area of understanding the SHEMA when it says that YHVH
is Echad. In the scriptures, "God the Father" is given
the title of YHVH. Also, the WORD of YHVH (the Messiah) is also given
the title of YHVH. How / Why? Because they are echad (a compound
unity) and not Yachid (exclusively singular of each other). So,
in scripture we sometimes see multiple YHVH's in the text. Below are
some examples.
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The Targums were authoritative Aramaic paraphrases of the books of the
Tenach which were read in the synagogues along with the Hebrew of the
Torah and Haftorah readings. Often when the Targums come to passages
where YHWH is anthropomorphisised or seen, or where two or more YHWHs
are indicated by the text, the Targums will substitute "The Word
[Memra] of YHWH" for YHWH. For further understanding on the Targums
see here.
For example in Gen. 19:4 the Tenach has:
And YHVH rained brimstone and fire upon Sodom
and upon Gomorrah, from YHVH, from the heavens.
(Original Bible Project preliminary edition)
The Hebrew grammar here indicates that one YHWH rains fire from another
YHWH. But Targum Jonathan substitutes "The Word of YHWH/the L-RD"
for the first of the two YHWHs as follows:
And the Word of the YHWH caused to descend
upon the peoples of Sodom and Gommorah, brimstone and fire from the
YHWH in heaven.
In another example the Torah has:
Ex. 24:1a (YHWH is the speaker, see Ex. 20:1-2) "Now
He [YHWH] said to Moses, "come up to YHWH..."
But Targum Jonathan paraphrases the speaker in Ex. 20:1 with the substitution
"the Word [Memra] of YHWH" in place of "YHWH."
And the Word of the Lord spoke all these
glorious words...
So it would seem that one of these entities called "YHWH"
in these Torah passages was actually understood by the Targumists as
being the "Word of YHWH." It was, according to Targum Onkelos,
this Word of YHWH that Abraham trusted in:
And Abraham trusted in the Word [Memra]
of YHWH, and He counted it to him for righteousness. (Targum Onkelos
Gen. 15:6)
Moreover Abraham prayed in the name of the Word of YHWH:
And Abraham worshipped and prayed in
the name of the Word [Memra] of YHWH, and said, "You are YHWH who
does see, but You cannot be seen." (Jerusalem Targum Gen. 22:14)
Note that here Abraham prays "in
the name of the Word of YHWH" to
the YHWH who "cannot be seen."
Here two YHWHs are very apparent. Abraham is praying in the name of
the Word of YHWH but is praying to the YHWH who cannot be seen. This
idea is reinforced elsewhere as follows:
And Hagar praised and prayed in the name
of the Word [Memra] Of YHWH who had revealed Himself to her (Jerusalem
Targum Gen. 16:3)
It was this Word of YHWH that Jacob also trusted in:
And Jacob vowed a vow, saying, "If
the Word [Memra] of YHWH will be my support, and will keep me in the
way that I go, and will give me bread to eat, and raiment to put on,
so that I come again to my father's house in peace; then shall the Word
[Memra] of YHWH be my Elohim." (Targum Onkelos on Gen. 28:20-21)
King David also urged Israel to trust in the Word of Yah as the Targum
of Psalm 62 reads:
"Trust in the Word of Yah at all
times, O people of the house of Israel! Pour out before Him the sighings
of your heart; Say, Elohim is our trust forever." (Targum on Psalm
62:9)
This "Word of YHWH" was, according to Targum Jonathan, the
Creator:
"And the Word [Memra] of YHWH created
man in his likeness, in the likeness of YHWH, YHWH created, male and
female created He them." (Targ. Jonathan Gen. 1:27)
This idea is also put forward in the Jerusalem Targum:
'And the Word [Memra] of YHWH said to Moses: "I am He who said
unto the world 'Be!' and it was: and who in the future shall say to
it 'Be!' and it shall be." And He said: "Thus you shall say
to the children of Israel: 'I Am' has sent me to you."' (Jerusalem
Targum Ex. 3:14)
The Fragmentary Targum of the Torah also expresses that the Word of
YHWH was the Creator:
'The first night, when the "Word
of YHWH" was revealed to the world in order to create it, the world
was desolate and void,and darkness spread over the face of the abyss
and the "Word of the Lord" was bright and illuminating and
He called it the first night.' (Fragmentary Targum Ex. 12:42)
That the Word of YHWH was the Creator can also be seen in the Tenach
itself:
"By the Word of YHWH were the heavens
made, And all the hosts of them by the Spirit of His mouth." (Ps.
33:6)
The Word was also the covenant maker. For example the Noachdic covenant
was between the Word and all mankind:
'And YHWH said to Noah, "This is
the token of the covenant which I have established between My Word [Memra]
and between all flesh that is upon the earth.' (Targum Onkelos Gen.
9:17)
The Word also made the Abrahamic covenant as Targum Onkelos also paraphrases:
"And I will establish my covenant
between My Word [Memra] and between you." (Targum Onkelos Gen.
17:7)
The Word of YHWH was also the giver of the Mosaic Covenant and the Torah
as the Jerusalem Targum (as quoted above) makes the Torah giver "the
Word of YHWH" in Ex. 20:1. It was to the Word that Jacob turned
to for salvation:
'Our father Jacob said: "My soul
does not wait for salvation such as that wrought by Gideon, the son
of Joash, for that was but temporal; neither for a salvation like that
of Samson, which was only transitory; but for that salvation which You
have promised to come, through Your Word unto Your people, the children
of Israel; for your salvation my soul hopes."' (Targum Jonathan
Gen. 49:18)
That the Word of YHWH is the savior is expressed elsewhere:
"But Israel shall be saved by the
Word of YHWH with an everlasting salvation. By the Word of YHWH shall
all the seed of Israel be justified." (Targum Jonathan Is. 45:17,
25)
"But I will have mercy upon the
house of Judah, and I will save them by the Word of YHWH, their Elohim."
(Targum Jonathan Hosea 1:7)
Speaking of the Memra Gershom Scholem states:
...the memra-- the paraphrase used in the Targumim, the Aramaic Bible
translations, to refer to God's word. The memra is not merely a linguistic
device for overcoming the problem of biblical anthropomorphisms; it
has theological significance in its own right. The memra....is.... a
world-permeating force, a reality in the world of matter or mind, the
emmanent aspect of Elohim, holding all things under its ominpresent
sway. On the Mystical Shape of the Godhead: Basic Concepts in the Kabbalah,
by Gershom Scholem pg 181-182.
All of this sheds much light on Yochanan 1:1 (John 1:1):
"In the beginning was the Word,
and the Word was with Elohim, and the Word was Elohim."
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